1. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021 (https://covid19.who.int).
2. Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance — United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:759–765.
3. Ko JY, Danielson ML, Town M, et al. Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–associated hospitalization: COVID-19–associated hospitalization surveillance network and behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(11):e695–e703.
4. Kompaniyets L, Goodman AB, Belay B, et al. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death — United States, March–December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:355–361.
5. Wagner CE, Saad-Roy CM, Morris SE, et al. Vaccine nationalism and the dynamics and control of SARS-CoV-2. Science 2021;373(6562):eabj7364–eabj7364.
6. Nguyen KH, Nguyen K, Corlin L, Allen JD, Chung M. Changes in COVID-19 vaccination receipt and intention to vaccinate by socioeconomic characteristics and geographic area, United States, January 6 — March 29, 2021. Ann Med 2021;53:1419–1428.
7. Arribas JR, Bhagani S, Lobo S, et al. Randomized trial of molnupiravir or placebo in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. NEJM Evid. DOI: 10.1056/EVIDoa2100044.
8. Hurt AC, Wheatley AK. Neutralizing antibody therapeutics for COVID-19. Viruses 2021;13:628–628.
9. Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, et al. Early treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody sotrovimab. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1941–1950.
10. Fischer W, Eron JJ Jr., Holman W, et al. Molnupiravir, an oral antiviral treatment for COVID-19. June 17, 2021 (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.21258639v1). preprint.
11. Cohen MS, Wohl DA, Fischer WA, Smith DM, Eron JJ. Outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection to prevent COVID-19 progression. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73:1717–1721.
12. Yoon JJ, Toots M, Lee S, et al. Orally efficacious broad-spectrum ribonucleoside analog inhibitor of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018;62(8):e00766-18.
13. Cox RM, Wolf JD, Plemper RK. Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets. Nat Microbiol 2021;6:11–18.
14. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Zhou S, et al. An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice. Sci Transl Med 2020;12(541):eabb5883–eabb5883.
15. Wahl A, Gralinski LE, Johnson CE, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801. Nature 2021;591:451–457.
16. Abdelnabi R, Foo CS, De Jonghe S, Maes P, Weynand B, Neyts J. Molnupiravir inhibits the replication of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) in a hamster infection model. J Infect Dis 2021;224:749–753.
17. Agostini ML, Pruijssers AJ, Chappell JD, et al. Small-molecule antiviral beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine inhibits a proofreading-intact coronavirus with a high genetic barrier to resistance. J Virol 2019;93(24):e01348–19.
18. Urakova N, Kuznetsova V, Crossman DK, et al. β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine is a potent anti-alphavirus compound that induces a high level of mutations in the viral genome. J Virol 2018;92(3):e01965–e17.
19. Grobler J, Strizki J, Murgolo N, et al. Molnupiravir maintains antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro and in early clinical studies. In: Proceedings and abstracts of IDWeek 2021, September 29–October 3, 2021. Arlington, VA: Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021.
20. Kabinger F, Stiller C, Schmitzová J, et al. Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021;28:740–746.
21. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Schinazi RF, Götte M. Molnupiravir promotes SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis via the RNA template. J Biol Chem 2021;297:100770–100770.
22. Malone B, Campbell EA. Molnupiravir: coding for catastrophe. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021;28:706–708.
23. Painter WP, Holman W, Bush JA, et al. Human safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of molnupiravir, a novel broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent with activity against SARS-CoV-2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021;65(5):e02428-20–e02428-20.
24. Khoo SH, Fitzgerald R, Fletcher T, et al. Optimal dose and safety of molnupiravir in patients with early SARS-CoV-2: a phase I, open-label, dose-escalating, randomized controlled study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021;76:3286–3295.
25. Chawla A, Cao Y, Stone J, et al. Model-based dose selection for the phase 3 evaluation of molnupiravir (MOV) in the treatment of COVID-19 in adults. In: Proceedings and abstracts of the 31st Annual Meeting of the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, July 9–12, 2021. Basel, Switzerland: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021.
26. COVID-19: developing drugs and biological products for treatment or prevention: guidance for industry. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration, May 2020 (https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/covid-19-developing-drugs-and-biological-products-treatment-or-prevention).
27. WHO COVID-19 case definitions. Geneva: World Health Organization, December 16, 2020 (https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1322790/retrieve).
28. Miettinen O, Nurminen M. Comparative analysis of two rates. Stat Med 1985;4:213–226.
29. Hwang IK, Shih WJ, De Cani JS. Group sequential designs using a family of type I error probability spending functions. Stat Med 1990;9:1439–1445.
30. Rosenberg ES, Holtgrave DR, Dorabawila V, et al. New COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations among adults, by vaccination status — New York, May 3–July 25, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1306–1311.
31. Caraco Y, Crofoot G, Moncada PA, et al. Phase 2/3 trial of molnupiravir for treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized adults. NEJM Evid. DOI: 10.1056/EVIDoa2100043.
32. Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network — United States, March–June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:993–998.
33. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Naioti EA, et al. Sustained effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines against COVID-19 associated hospitalizations among adults — United States, March–July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1156–1162.
34. Bajema KL, Dahl RM, Prill MM, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalization — five veterans affairs medical centers, United States, February 1–August 6, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1294–1299.
35. Gottlieb RL, Nirula A, Chen P, et al. Effect of bamlanivimab as monotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;325:632–644.
36. Horby PW, Mafham M, Peto L, et al. Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. June 16, 2021 (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.21258542v1). preprint.
37. Pogue JM, Lauring AS, Gandhi TN, et al. Monoclonal antibodies for early treatment of COVID-19 in a world of evolving SARS-CoV-2 mutations and variants. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021;8(7):ofab268–ofab268.
38. Cowman K, Guo Y, Pirofski LA, et al. Post-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 monoclonal antibody treatment hospitalizations as a sentinel for emergence of viral variants in New York City. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021;8(8):ofab313–ofab313.
More Stories
Most medical college students get worried abortion rules will ‘hinder their foreseeable future care’
Edinburgh to host supercomputer process that may perhaps advance drugs, AI and strength
Drug-microbiota interactions: an emerging priority for precision medicine